91福利

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*In April 2022, the university announced our new name of 91福利, which will be implemented in a phased approach. Learn more about our next chapter.*

Working Papers

The Working Papers Series is produced jointly by the Toronto Metropolitan Centre for Immigration and Settlement (TMCIS) and the CERC in Migration and Integration at 91福利.

Working Papers present scholarly research of all disciplines on issues related to immigration and settlement. The purpose is to stimulate discussion and collect feedback. The views expressed by the author(s) do not necessarily reflect those of the TMCIS or the CERC in Migration and Integration.

Please contact us with any questions about TMCIS and CERC in Migration and Integration publications. 

Working Paper No. 2026/06

Studying War and Migration: A Knotty Causality Approach, The Case of Ukraines

Reyna, S.

Working Paper No. 2026/05

Futures Studies and the Study of Migration: Analytical Frameworks and Methodological Possibilities

El Mekaui, L.

Working Paper No. 2026/04

Canada鈥檚 Drift Toward U.S. Expedited Removal: How Enforcement Tools Reshape Protection and Removals in Canada

Younes, S.

Working Paper No. 2026/03

Canadian Veterans鈥 Advocacy and the Governance of Afghan Refugees

Azadah, K.

Working Paper No. 2026/02

Urban Sanctuary, Migrant Solidarity and Hospitality in Asia  

Smita Tiwary, Manjima Anjana, & Abhishek Yadav

Working Paper No. 2026/01

Feeding on the void: How parasites drive institutional change  

Dr. Andre虂 Laplume 

Working Paper No. 2025/18

Complex migration trajectories: Conceptual and methodological challenges 

J茅r茅mie Molho & Maryam Lashkari

Working Paper No. 2025/17

Nepali immigrants in Canada: Complex pathways and experiences 

Richa Shivakoti & Deepa Nagari

Working Paper No. 2025/16

Addressing the Governance Gap for Climate-Induced Displacement through Institutionalism 

Irmak Kurtulmu艧

Working Paper No. 2025/15

Social Capital and Settlement: Study of Resettled Syrian Refugees in the Greater Toronto Area 

 Dr. Usha George & Tearney McDermott

Working Paper No. 2025/14

Evolution of climate-related migration and displacement in IPCC reporting 

Robert McLeman, Celina Hevesi, & Edi Cadham

Working Paper No. 2025/13

Producing the highly skilled migrant: the mobility journeys of Mexican professionals in North America

Dr. Maria E. Cervantes-Macias

Working Paper No. 2025/12

Municipal Strategies for Integrating Healthcare Access for Illegalized Migrants in Germany: A Case Study of Ulm

Friederike Anders

Working Paper No. 2025/11

Choosing to Stay: Agency in Everyday Mobilities

Gloria Liu

Working Paper No. 2025/10

Precarious Transnationalism among Displaced Populations during Wartimes: Ukrainians in Canada and Germany

Aryan Karimi & Yuliya Byelikova

Working Paper No. 2025/09

Stories of Resilience: How Small Immigrant Businesses in Toronto鈥檚 Suburbs Have Adapted in the Face of Covid-19 Pandemic

Jane Law & Zhixi Zhuang

Working Paper No. 2025/08

Chinese International Students鈥 National Belonging During the Covid-19 Pandemic in France

Daphn茅 Nguyen-Tymoczko (Lund University)

Working Paper No. 2025/07

The Multi-Destination Context of Migration and Settlement Experiences of Chinese Women 鈥 A Scoping Review

Karen (Ming) Young (91福利) 

Working Paper No. 2025/06

Understanding the Role of Converging Media: Shaping Migrant Narratives and the Paradox of Co-Creation in a Digital Era

Zhixi Zhuang, Mariam El Toukhy, Jack Krywulak, & Cyrus Sundar Singh

Working Paper No. 2025/05

Creating Deportability: New Migration Policy Developments in the United States

Hiba Rasheed & Naheed Nero (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2025/04

Does Crisis Narrative Tell a Different Story? South Asian Women Working from Home Post-Pandemic in Toronto

Sutama Ghosh & Manum Shahid (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2025/03

Reflections of Home 鈥楬ere鈥 and 鈥楾here鈥: Ghanaian-Canadians鈥 Return Visits to the Homeland through Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) Tourism

Vivien Jessica Bediako (York University)

Working Paper No. 2025/02

Sanctuary Cities in Andean Countries: A Literature Review (2000-2022)

Marcela Tapia Ladino & Victoria de la Vega (Arturo Prat University)

Working Paper No. 2025/01

The Association Nationale des Villes et Territoires Accueillants: The Becoming of an Activist City Network

Anouk Flamant (Institut National Sup茅rieur de Formation et de Recherche pour L鈥櫭ヾucation Inclusive [INSEI], Institut Convergences Migrations), & Thomas Lacroix (Sciences Po Paris, Centre de Recherches Internationales [CERI], Institut Convergences Migrations)

Working Paper No. 2024/12

Between Privilege and Precarity: The Migration Journeys of Former International Students in Canada

Dominik Formanowicz (York University), Tingting Zhang (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Rupa Banerjee (91福利), Rezwana Ahmed (91福利), & Isaac Garcia-Sitton (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2024/11

1991: Narratives of (Non-) Return in the Ukrainian Diaspora in Canada

Elisa Lucente (University of Pavia)

Working Paper No. 2024/10 

The Governance of Temporary Labour Migration in Asia

Richa Shivakoti (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2024/09

Research with Refugee Children, Youth, and Families: Ethical issues

Mehrunnisa Ahmad Ali (91福利) 

Working Paper No. 2024/08

Polonization of the British Soil and Home-Making Through Deathscapes: The Far-Right鈥檚 Reluctant Transnational Adventures

Rafa艂 Soborski, Micha艂 P. Garapich, & Anna Jochymek (London Metropolitan University, Centre for Global Diversities and Inequalities)

Working Paper No. 2024/07

Pathways to Permanence and Immigration Levels: A Critical Policy Discourse Analysis (CPDA) of Struggles and Limits to Societal Membership for Migrants Amidst and Emerging from COVID-19 (2020-2022) in Canada

John Carlaw (91福利), Kushan Azadah (York University, 91福利)

Working Paper No. 2024/06

Is Multicultural Nationalism Possible? If it is, what benefits follow?

Tariq Modood (University of Bristol)

Working Paper No. 2024/05

Big Pictures: Capitalism, Imperialism, Climate Change, War, and Migration

Stephen Reyna (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology)

Working Paper No. 2024/04

Ethnic Diversity, Immigrant Settlement and Integration, and Municipal Planning in a Small Canadian City: The Case of Brooks, Alberta

Ryan Lok (University of Waterloo) & Zhixi Zhuang (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2024/03

Enhancing Workplace Integration of Canadian Newcomers through Social Media.

Masoud Kianpour (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2024/02

Urban Sanctuary in Canadian mid-sized cities.

Jessica D. Jung, Graham Hudson, & Harald Bauder (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2024/01

Exploring AI-Powered Migration Management in Canada through the Prisms of Algorithmic Governmentality, Technosolutionism, and Critical Data Studies.

Hassibullah Roshan (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2023/07

Embodying the Deported Spectacle in Tijuana. The Lived Experiences of Mexican Deported Men who Stay in Temporary Male-Exclusive Shelters in Tijuana.

Renato de Almeida Ar茫o Galhardi (Universidad Iberoamericana)

Working Paper No. 2023/06

The Role of Images in Migration Governance. A Proposed New Theoretical Framework and Methodological Approach

Alice Massari (91福利, University of Copenhagen)

Working Paper No. 2023/05

Complex Migration Flows and Multiple Drivers: What Do We Know?

Anna Triandafyllidou (91福利), Luisa Veronis (University of Ottawa), Daniela Ghio (91福利), & Robert McLeman (Wilfrid Laurier University)

Working Paper No. 2023/04

Digital Nomads: Toward a Future Research Agenda

 Nick Dreher & Anna Triandafyllidou (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2023/03

Decolonizing Migration Studies: The Case of Hospitality, Sanctuary, and Solidarity

Harald Bauder, Nick Dreher, Omar Lujan, & Oluwafunmilayo Asolo (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2023/02

Access to Early Childhood Services by Precarious Status Families: Negotiating Multiple Borders in a Sanctuary City, Toronto Canada

Judith K. Bernhard (91福利), Julie E. E. Young (University of Lethbridge), & Luin Goldring (York University)

Working Paper No. 2023/01

Online Communications and Service Delivery in Canada鈥檚 Settlement Sector: The State of Affairs

Stein Monteiro, Nevyn Pillai, & Masoud Kianpour (91福利)

Working Paper - DemiKnow No. 2022/04

Indian Families 鈥 Mediated Migration Trajectories

S. Irudaya Rajan & Anand P. Cherian

Working Paper - DemiKnow No. 2022/03

Literature Review on Families, Migration, & Intergenerational Support in China

Zhonggen SUN, Huan WANG, Yi LI, Yuxuan RAO, Shiying PING, Furong ZHANG, Lili LAI, & Ke Du

Working Paper - DemiKnow No. 2022/02

Migration, Decision Making & Young Families

Rica Agnes Castaneda & Anna Triandafyllidou

Working Paper - DemiKnow No. 2022/01

Literature Review on Transnational Grandparent Migration - A View from Australia

Loretta Baldassar, Hien Thi Nguyen, & Catriona Stevens

Working Paper No. 2022/14

Migrant Labour in the Agrifood Sector, Ethical Food Label and Certification Schemes: A Literature Review 

Erika Borrelli (University of Windsor) & Berti Olinto (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2022/13

Immigration Policy 'on the Fly': A Critical Review of Pandemic Policymaking in Canada

Maggie Perzyna (91福利), Marshia Akbar (91福利), Claire Ellis (91福利), Stein Monteiro (91福利), Lucia Nalbandian (University of Toronto), & Craig Damian Smith (91福利) 

Working Paper No. 2022/12

Migration, Decision Making and Young Families: A Literature Review

Rica Castaneda & Anna Triandafyllidou (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2022/11

Advanced Digital Technologies in Migration Management: A Review of Emerging Literature

Lucia Nalbandian & Nick Dreher (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2022/10

The Challenges of Settlement and Integration: Exploring Canada鈥檚 Response to Venezuelan Migration

Berti Olinto (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2022/9

Highly Skilled Migrant Decision-Making Under Uncertainty: A Literature Review

Ashika Niraula & Anna Triandafyllidou (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2022/8

The State of Knowledge Concerning Canada鈥檚 Irregular Population: Guesstimates, Pathways to Precarity, and Ethical Considerations for Contemporary Research

Craig Damian Smith & Julie (Ha Young) Kim, 91福利

Working Paper No. 2022/7

How does the UN talk about Human Mobility? A Textual Analysis of Narratives by IOM and UNHCR on Migrants and Refugees

Brandon Green (London School of Economics and Political Science) & Antoine Pe虂coud (University Sorbonne Paris Nord)

Working Paper No. 2022/6

Leave 鈥 Stay 鈥 Return: Conceptualizing the Migration Trajectories of Highly Skilled German Migrants as Ongoing Processes

Anke Patzelt (University of Ottawa)

Working Paper No. 2022/5

Why are Public Attitudes Towards Immigration in Canada Becoming Increasingly Positive?

Seyda Ece Aytac (91福利), Andrew Parkin (Environics Institute/University of Toronto), & Anna Triandafyllidou (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2022/4

Political Participation and Representation of South Asian and Chinese Canadians: Evidence from the Greater Toronto Area

Shuguang Wang (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2022/3

Information and Communication Technology in Migration: A Framework for Applications, Customization, and Research

Ali Arya, Luciara Nardon & Md Riyadh (Carleton University)

Working Paper No. 2022/2

Social media and internet usage rates on employment outcomes among newcomers in Canada

Stein Monteiro (91福利)

Working Paper No. 2022/1

Re-assessing Early Sikh Migration Histories on Turtle Island: An Anti-colonial and Critical Solidarity Perspective

Guntas Kaur (91福利)

Working paper no. 2021/13

The Transformation of Canada's Temporary Foreign Worker Program

Ian O'Donnell (Western University) & Mikal Skuterud (University of Waterloo)

Working paper no. 2021/12

Immigration Policy in Times of Indigenous Reconciliation

Harald Bauder & Rebecca Mueller, 91福利

Working paper no. 2021/11

Meaningful and Inclusive Engagement: Are We There Yet? A Case Study of Scarborough Neighbourhood Improvement Areas (NIAs) Participatory Processes

Kiana C么t茅, 91福利

Working paper no. 2021/10

Immigrants and Cities: Conceptualizing Urban Informality Within Planetary Urbanization

Dominik T. Formanowicz, York University

Working paper no. 2021/9

Using Machine-Learning to Triage Canada鈥檚 Temporary Resident Visa Applications

Lucia Nalbandian, 91福利

Working paper no. 2021/8

Understanding the forced repatriation of Ethiopian migrant workers from the Middle East

Girmachew Adugna, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Flight and Migration Competence Center, Addis Ababa 

Working paper no. 2021/7

Implementing the UN Global Compacts by Institutionalising a New Hybrid Organisational Form

Younes Ahouga, 91福利

Working paper no. 2021/6

Canada鈥檚 private sponsorship program: Success, shortcomings, and policy solutions

Ervis Martani, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique

Working paper no. 2021/5

Transforming the International Organisation for Migration: An Analysis of the IOM Strategic Vision

Younes Ahouga, 91福利

Working paper no. 2021/4

National Models of Integration in Comparative Migration Studies: A Critical Appraisal

Aryan Karimi (University of British Columbia; Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity) & Rima Wilkes (University of British Columbia)

Working paper no. 2021/3

Iranian Migrations to Dubai: Constraints and Autonomy of a Segmented Diaspora

Amin Moghadam, 91福利

Working paper no. 2021/2

Narratives on Returning Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Irregular Migrants

Zeynep Sahin-Mencutek, 91福利

Working paper no. 2021/1

Unity in Diversity? Neoconservative Multiculturalism and the Conservative Party of Canada

John Carlaw, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/18

Migration Narratives from Origin and Destination Country Perspectives

Zeynep Sahin-Mencutek, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/17 

Migration Narratives in Policy and Politics

Zeynep Sahin-Mencutek, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/16 

Extraction, Dependence, and Responsibility-Sharing: Taking Stock of Canada's Role in Western Hemispheric Migration Governance

Craig Damian Smith, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/15 

The Substance of Solidarity: What the Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Says 91福利 the Global Refugee Regime

Maggie Perzyna, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/14 

A Religion like No Other: Islam and the Limits of Multiculturalism in Canada

Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos & Jameela Rasheed, University of Toronto

Working paper no. 2020/13 

The Evolution of EU-Africa Migration Partnerships: Lessons in Transnational Migration Governance

Oreva Olakpe,91福利

Working paper no. 2020/12 

Discourses of Exclusion and Undesirability: The Designated Countries of Origin Policy and its Impact on Hungarian Romani Refugee Claimants

Jenna Koumantaros, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/11* 

Employment Services Responses to Labour Market Challenges for South Asian Women: An ACCES Employment Study

Manjeet Dhiman, Ada Wong & Jody Yvonne, ACCES Employment


*This working paper is part of a three-paper volume examining the migration, settlement, and integration experiences of women from South Asian countries in Canada. We invite you to  (PDF file) read the full volume with a preface by Dr. Marshia Akbar, Senior Research Associate with the Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Migration and Integration at Ryerson University.

Working paper no. 2020/10* 

Labour Market Challenges and Entrepreneurial Activities of Bangladeshi Immigrant Women in Toronto: A Family Perspective

Marshia Akbar (91福利) & Valerie Preston (York University)


*This working paper is part of a three-paper volume examining the migration, settlement, and integration experiences of women from South Asian countries in Canada. We invite you to  (PDF file) read the full volume with a preface by Dr. Marshia Akbar, Senior Research Associate with the Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Migration and Integration at Ryerson University.

Working paper no. 2020/9* 

Express Entry and Economic Migration Pathways to Canada: Opportunities and Barriers for South Asian Women

Vathsala Illesinghe (91福利y), Nishi Mitra vom Berg (TATA Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India) & Khalid Iftekhar (Open University, Dhaka, Bangladesh)


*This working paper is part of a three-paper volume examining the migration, settlement, and integration experiences of women from South Asian countries in Canada. We invite you to  (PDF file) read the full volume with a preface by Dr. Marshia Akbar, Senior Research Associate with the Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Migration and Integration at Ryerson University.

Working paper no. 2020/8 

Why Migrants Stay in Small and Mid-Sized Canadian Cities: Towards a New Analytical Framework Using a Life Course Approach

Michelle Nguyen, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/7 

Exploring Innovative Migrant Integration Practices in Small and Mid-Sized Cities across Canada

Jenna Blower, York University

Working paper no. 2020/6 

Exploring Indigenous Newcomer Relations in the City of Toronto: Changing Demographics Reconciliation and Potential of City Planning

Niko Casuncad, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/5 

A history of the memories of the 鈥榮anctuary city鈥 in Toronto, Canada

Rachel Humphris, Queen Mary, University of London

Working paper no. 2020/4 

The Kinship between Refugee and Family Sponsorship

Audrey MacklinLuin Goldring (York University), Jennifer Hyndman (York University), Anna KortewegKathryn Barber (York University) & Jona Zyfi (University of Toronto)

Working paper no. 2020/3 

Inclusive City Building: Public Engagement Processes in the GTA

Taranjeet Kaur Grewal, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/2 

Undocumented Migrant Communities in Cities: Negotiating Legal and Legitimate Status from Below

Oreva Olakpe, 91福利

Working paper no. 2020/1 

Mapping Migrancies: A discursive mapping approach to analyse lived experiences of skilled migration infrastructures

Marina Khan, Western Sydney University

Working paper no. 2019/5 

Barriers vs. bridges: Undocumented immigrants' access to post-secondary education in Ontario

Marietta Armanyous & Graham Hudson, 91福利

Working paper no. 2019/4 

Syrian brides and the Global Compact on Refugees: How Canada's FIAP can reimagine refugee women's empowerment

Dina Taha, York University

Working paper no. 2019/3 

Rescaling the Sanctuary City: Police and Non-Status Migrants in Ontario, Canada

Mia Hershkowitz, Graham Hudson & Harald Bauder, 91福利

Working paper no. 2019/2 

Promoting and Challenging Immigration Detention in Canada: Understanding the Role of Advocacy Coalition Groups in Canada鈥檚 Immigration Detention Policy Subsystem 

Vanessa Chidi Wachuku, 91福利

Working paper no. 2019/1 

Influence of Immigration Policies on Supply of Ethnic Business Entrepreneurs in Canada

Shuguang Wang & Rebecca Hii, 91福利

Working paper no. 2018/2

Assessing Canada's Support of International Students: A Comprehensive Review of Canada's Retention and Settlement of its "Model Immigrants" 

Zaheer A. Dauwer, 91福利

Working paper no. 2018/1

Serving Immigrant Families: Using Knowledge Translation to Inform a Family Approach in the Settlement Sector

Tania Dargy, 91福利

Working paper no. 2017/3

The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Canadian Media

Vappu Tyysk盲, Jenna Blower, Samantha DeBoer, Shunya Kawai & Ashley Walcott, 91福利

Working paper no. 2017/2

The Syrian Refugee Crisis: A Short Orientation

Vappu Tyysk盲, Jenna Blower, Samantha DeBoer, Shunya Kawai & Ashley Walcott, 91福利

Working paper no. 2017/1

(No) Access T.O.: A Pilot Study on Sanctuary City Policy in Toronto, Canada

Graham Hudson, Idil Atak, Michele Manocchi & Charity-Ann Hannan, 91福利

Working paper no. 2016/3

The Immigrant's Journey: Race and Trauma in the Sopranos

Pouyan Tabasinejad, 91福利

Working paper no. 2016/2

Transnational Social Resilience in La Costa Region of Chiapas, Mexico

Ana Vila Freyer, 91福利

Working paper no. 2016/1

Immigrant Settlement and Integration Services and the Role of Nonprofit Service Providers: A Cross-National Perspective on Trends, Issues and Evidence

John Shields, Julie Drolet & Karla Valenzuela, 91福利

Working paper no. 2015/6

On Adenauer, Hegel, and... Migration (or, How to Interpret Europe's Migrant "Crisis")

Harald Bauder, 91福利

Working paper no. 2015/5

The Parent and Grandparent Sponsorship Program Reforms: The Consequence of a Neoliberal Shift

Devon Franklin, 91福利

Working paper no. 2015/4

From Enforced Closure to Regulated Mobility: The Need for a Paradigm Shift in Migration Policies

Fran莽ois Cr茅peau, 91福利

Working paper no. 2015/3

Towards a Sanctuary Province: Policies, Programs, and Services for Illegalized Immigrants' Equitable Employment, Social Participation, and Economic Development

Charity-Ann Hannan & Harald Bauder, 91福利

Working paper no. 2015/2

Intergenerational Violence: The Post-Migration Context in Canada

Tanja Petosic, Sepali Guruge, Karline Wilson-Mitchell, Reena Tandon, Andrea Gunraj, Andrea Robertson, Brenda Roche, Josie Di Zio, Krittika Ghosh & Harald Bauder, 91福利

Working paper no. 2015/1

Community Support for Newcomer Families: A Literature Review

Skylar Maharaj & Shuguang Wang

Working paper no. 2014/7

Discounting Immigrant Families: Neoliberalism and the Framing of Canadian Immigration Policy Change 

Jesse Root, Erika Gates-Gasse, John Shields & Harald Bauder, 91福利

Working paper no. 2014/6

Welcome to Canada? A Critical Review and Assessment of Canada's Fast-Changing Immigration Policies

Loft Ali Jan Ali, 91福利

Working paper no. 2014/5

The Impact of Changes to the CEC Program on International Students 

GOVision

Working paper no. 2014/4

Ethnic Media Election Coverage A Content Analysis Methodology 

April Lindgren, 91福利

Working paper no. 2014/3

Niche Employment or Occupational Segmentation? Immigrant Women Working in the Settlement Sector in Germany and Canada

Sita Jayaraman & Harald Bauder, 91福利

Working paper no. 2014/2

Steps toward Universalism in Immigration Policies: Canada and Germany

顿颈别迟谤颈肠丑&苍产蝉辫;罢丑谤盲苍丑补谤诲迟

Working paper no. 2014/1

Exclusion, Failure, and the Politics of Citizenship

Bridget Anderson, Oxford University

Working paper no. 2013/9

The Private Sector, Institutions of Higher Education, and Immigrant Settlement in Canada

Emma Flynn & Harald Bauder, 91福利

Working paper no. 2013/8

Family Reunification? A Critical Analysis of Citizenship and Immigration Canada's 2013 Reforms to the Family Class

Jacklyn Neborak, 91福利

Working paper no. 2013/7

Discrimination Experienced by Landed Immigrants in Canada

Parveen Nangia, 91福利

Working paper no. 2013/6

Tracking Immigrant Professionals' Experience in Manitoba's Labour Market

Stephanie Stobbe & Judith Harris, 91福利

Working paper no. 2013/5

Settlement and Social Capital: Strengthening Futures for Newcomer Children and Society

Judith Colbert, 91福利

Working paper no. 2013/4

What Are Chinese Immigrant Parents' Concerns With Their Children's Education?

George Zhou, 91福利

Working paper no. 2013/3

A Journey of Her Own: A Critical Analysis of Learning Experiences Among Immigrant Women

Julia Fursova, 91福利

Working paper no. 2013/2

The Construction of National Identity in Germany: "Migration Background" as a Political and Scientific Category

Albert Scherr, 91福利

Working paper no. 2013/1

Employment Equity and Access to Social Welfare for Illegalized Immigrants: An Inclusive Approach that Also Makes Economic Sense

Charity-Ann Hannan, 91福利

TMCIS occupies space in the traditional and unceded territory of nations including the Anishnaabeg, the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee, and the Wendat peoples, and territory which is also now home to many diverse First Nations, Inuit, and M茅tis peoples. This territory is covered by Treaty 13 signed with the Mississaugas of the Credit, as well as the Williams Treaties signed with multiple Mississaugas.